Offensive security is the proactive approach to securing networks and systems from attacks by actively seeking out vulnerabilities and weaknesses.

Defensive security is a proactive approach that focuses on prevention, detection, and response to attacks from the perspective of defending the organization.

Malware analysis is the study of the unique features, objectives, sources, and potential effects of harmful software and code, such as spyware, viruses, malvertising, and ransomware.

Web application penetration testing is the practice of simulating attacks on a system in an attempt to gain access to sensitive data, with the purpose of determining whether a system is secure.